Esikwenzayo

Ukunqamula umjikelezo wokuhlukumezeka nodlame

Ukuhlukumezeka kwenza isithunzi eside ezimpilweni zalabo okubathintayo - abantu ngabanye, imindeni, imiphakathi, izifunda kanye nezizwe.   Umthelela wawo ungacekela phansi noma uphazamise izimpilo iminyaka, amashumi eminyaka noma izizukulwane futhi uqhubeke udala imijikelezo yodlame nokuziphindiselela.

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Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi  Isipiliyoni Esibi Sezingane  (ACEs) kanye Nokulimala kwandisa ingcuphe yokuba sengozini yengqondo, udlame, udlame, udlame olubi, udlame olubi, udlame, udlame, udlame. futhi umi endleleni yokusebenzelana okugcwele nempilo. Ukuzibulala kwentsha eYurophu eNyakatho Melika naseWestern Pacific Rim kuyanda, kuthrendayo ngezibalo zobuxhwanguxhwangu nokuhlukunyezwa, ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka nokuhlukumezeka okubikiwe.

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Ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe lubonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi intsha ithambekele kakhulu ekucindezelekeni kontanga futhi ingozi yobuhlongandlebe iphezulu kakhulu entsheni. Ucwaningo lwentsha nentsha encishwe amathuba ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa luphinde lwakhomba iqiniso lokuthi '...ukwesaba, ukukhathazeka kanye nobuhlungu kusiza kokubili ukukhulisa ingozi yokungqubuzana' futhi 'njengomphumela wokuba mncane, ukuncishwa amathuba' kanye/noma 'ukuhlukaniswa nomphakathi' (WHO-AIMS, 2015; UNWOMEN, 2010; Feminenza, 2011).

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Intsha emiphakathini yabafuduki, ikakhulukazi leyo ephephela ezingxabanweni, ithinteka kakhulu. 'Ingozi ... yokudangala, ukukhathazeka, ingcindezi yangemva kokuhlukumezeka, ingqondo.. okungenani izikhathi ezi-3 eziphakeme kwabafuduki kunasemphakathini osingethe', umphumela 'wokuchayeka odlameni, izisulu zezingxabano, ukuzibulala, ukushushumbiswa kwabantu (WHO, 2017 ), 'I-FGM, umshado ophoqelelwe, ukungabekezelelani, ukungabi namakhaya… ubugebengu basemgwaqweni, ukuqiniswa…' (Europol, 2017) kuletha 'izinselelo ezinkulu emiphakathini ephethe' (IOM, 2017).

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Inkinga yaseSyria kanye nokuhlasela kwe-ISIL kwakhukhula amazwe aseduze ababaleki: iTurkey - 3 million; Jordan- 1.8 million; I-Iraq - izigidi eziyi-1.6 kanye nabafelokazi bezingxabano abayizigidi ezi-2. I-EU-28 iphinde yathola 'ababaleki nabafuduki abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-1.3, iminyaka emaphakathi yeminyaka engama-28.1' (Eurostat, 2019). Cishe 'ama-40% ama-IDP/ababaleki, ikakhulukazi intsha yesifazane ayikwazi ukuxhuma noma ukufinyelela ukwesekwa kwezempilo yengqondo' (WHO, 2019).

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Abasebenzi bomphakathi abasebenza kulawa maqembu okuhlosiwe banengozi ephakeme yemiphumela emibi. kuholela 'ekukhathaleni kanye ne-secondary trauma syndrome (STS)' e-USA (Umakoti, 2016) i-EU (Kizilhan et al, 2018) kanye ne-Middle East (Plakas, 2016). I-STS ivame ukuchazwa ngokuthi 'ukukhathala kozwela' futhi, emkhakheni wesithathu, 'ukutubeka'.

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Labo abasebenza nemiphakathi ethintekile kanye nentsha bawazi kabuhlungu umthelela wako kodwa, ngokuvamile bathola ukuthi nabo banokufinyelela okulinganiselwe ekutholeni usizo lwezempilo yengqondo oludingekayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezintula amathuba noma ezithinteke ezingxabanweni. Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lunciphise kakhulu ukufinyelela kuwo wonke amazinga omphakathi nakuwo wonke amaqembu eminyaka.

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Izinsizakalo zethu Zokuphulukisa Ukuhlukumezeka Nokuthuthukiswa Kokuqina Komphakathi (THCRD) zihlinzeka ngendawo evikelekile neklanywe ngokucophelela, ephephile lapho izisebenzi zentsha zingathuthukisa khona amakhono azo okuzindla futhi zibangele ushintsho lwangaphakathi. Kufakazelwa emiphakathini entulayo, yangemva kwezingxabano noma ye-IDP, intsha eyayincishwe amathuba, abantu abangenamakhaya, imindeni enezici eziyingozi eziyinkimbinkimbi; onomlando wokucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, ukuhlukumezeka, izingxabano, udlame olusekelwe ebulilini kanye nokucindezelwa, kanye nezisebenzi zentsha ezikhonza kulezi zilungiselelo. Ivumela ukuhlonza okuphephile kokwesaba kusenesikhathi; kumisa ukwesaba; ikhuthaza izinqumo ezakha impilo yangaphakathi okufanele zenziwe ngokuphepha; inikeza izinkundla ezisimeme zokuzithethelela, ukukhulula esikhathini esedlule; ithuthukisa ukungaguquki kwangaphakathi, ukumelana nokucindezela kontanga. Ithuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ukuqina komphakathi.

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Ngokuyinhloko ikhombisa imvelo, i-THCRD isebenza ikakhulukazi kulabo abangakwazi ukuphimisa noma ukwabelana ngendaba yabo, noma abangazazi izibangeli ezicashile, ukwenza inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile. Isebenza ngempumelelo futhi ikhawulela ubungozi entsheni, ikakhulukazi intsha entulayo.

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Abahlanganyeli

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I-THCRD isebenze ngokuqondile namaqembu alandelayo kanye nabasebenzi bomphakathi, abezempilo yengqondo nentsha abanikeza usizo oluqhubekayo:

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• Abantu abaxoshwa emazweni ngamazwe, ababaleki, intsha efudukayo

• Intsha encishwe amathuba futhi ehlala yodwa, abesifazane abancishwe amathuba

• Intsha ekhishwe inyumbazane esengozini yobugebengu, iziboshwa, nomama ababoshiwe

• Imiphakathi, imizana, izizwe, intsha, izingane, nabesifazane, abane-PTSD, ukukhathazeka, ukuhlukumezeka, nokuhlukumezeka kwezingxabano

• Imindeni ilahlekelwe emiphakathini enezingxabano

• Intsha ebincishwe amathuba ebuyile, ihlukumezekile ngemuva kokungqubuzana

• Izisulu zokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukuxhashazwa, ukushushumbiswa kocansi

• Izisulu zodlame lwasekhaya kanye nabahlukumezi bazo; ukuhlukunyezwa okusekelwe ekuhlonipheni; abesifazane ababhekene nodlame nokuhlukunyezwa; I-BMER, ishushumbiselwe ebugqilini besimanje

• Othisha nabafundi abaphayona ukuphilisana emiphakathini enezingxabano

• Intsha ebhekene nobunzima bobudlelwano, izingxabano, ingozi yokuzibulala

• Imiphakathi esingethe ethola ababaleki, echayeke ezingxabanweni nasekuhlushweni.

Ngo-2019 njengoba ozakwethu (ama-NGO aseYurophu, e-US, eMpumalanga Ephakathi kanye nase-Afrika) bethumele abasebenzi babo iminyaka yokuqeqeshwa, imfundo neminyaka yokuqondisa, u-64% wabahlanganyeli babike umlando wangaphambili wengcindezi eyisisekelo noma yesibili. Iningi lisebenza njengobuso bobuntu emajele, ezikoleni, emakamu ababaleki, emigwaqweni, ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo ezisebenzayo; njalo namaqembu ancishwe amathuba. Kwabaningi, bawumugqa wokuqala wosizo lwezempilo yengqondo olungakahleleki olutholakalayo; kwabanye, okuwukuphela kwesango lokuhlunyeleliswa ekucwileni kobumpofu, ukugula ngengqondo nokuphila okungabambeki. Ngo-2020 i-COVID yengeze emthwalweni, ithinta abahlengikazi nabasebenzi bezimo eziphuthumayo.

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Inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-THCRD
 

I-THCRD iqukethe izingxenye ezintathu:
 

• Ubulili Nokuhlukumezeka: izindlela ezihlukene eziholela ekuhlukumezekeni, ekucindezelekeni, ekukhathazekeni, ekuthathekeni ngokweqile, ekulingiseni nasekuziphatheni; indawo yamakheji omphakathi ekubumbeni Izimo zethu zokumisa

• Ukulawula Ukuhlukumezeka Kwengqondo: i-anatomy kanye nabashayeli bokwesaba, ukukhathazeka, ukuhlukumezeka, ukukhathazeka kanye ne-STS; ukumisa ukwesaba; ukuthuthukisa izimfanelo zangaphakathi; indima yobulili neminyaka ekuboneni nasekuqineni; ukugcina indawo ephephile; ukusetshenziswa kwe-DASS ne-HFS njengamathuluzi okuqapha ubungozi nenqubekelaphambili.

• Izinsika Eziyisikhombisa Zokuqina Nokuthethelela. Ukuzindla, izinqubo zokuzinakekela ukuze kukhuthaze ukuqina okuhlanganisa: ukunqoba ukucwasa kanye nemibono engaguquki; ukusuka ebudloveni obuphindaphindayo ukuya ekudedeleni okwedlule; ukubhekana namahloni necala; ukubaluleka kokuxhumana; ukwenza kabusha umuntu 'omunye'; ukwehlukanisa umuntu ethonyeni; ukukhetha ukuthethelela; ukudala indaba entsha yangaphakathi.

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Imiphumela

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• Ulwazi: I-anatomy/abashayeli bokukhathazeka, ukwesaba, ukuhlukumezeka, ukuziphindiselela kanye ne-STS; ubulili neminyaka ekuboneni, ekuphenduleni nasekuqiniseni; Izinsika Eziyisikhombisa Zokukhuthazela Nokuthethelela; ukuzinakekela okucabangelayo; ukuxhumana; ukubaluleka kwesimo esiphephile; ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphezu kokusebenza kabusha; ukuphulwa kwezimo zokumisa; I-DASS ne-HFS njengamathuluzi okuqapha ubungozi nenqubekelaphambili

• Amakhono: ukumisa ukwesaba nokukhathazeka; ukushiya okwedlule ngemuva; ukwehlukanisa abantu esenzweni; ukuthuthukisa nokubona izimfanelo; ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu kwezinqubo zokubonisa i-THCRD; ukulandisa okusha kwangaphakathi; ukugcina indawo ephephile

• Izimo zengqondo: ukwenza kabusha ubuntu, ukuhlukanisa umuntu esenzweni; yazisa, ungaphazamisi; ukwenza izinqumo ngaphakathi; ukukhetha ukuthethelela

• Amagugu: ubufakazi obusekelwe, ubuntu/amagugu ethu afanayo; impilo ngayinye izenzela izinqumo zayo

Imiphumela, esekelwe yiminyaka eyishumi nane yedatha yemiphumela yokukhuthazela kwe-DASS, iqinisekiswe ngokuzimela yi-UN WOMEN, SIDA, DFID, USAID, izifundo zeCongress yase-US. Ucwaningo lwe-EU olwenziwa ngo-2018/19 kwabamukeli bale sevisi, lwabhala ukuthi luthuthukise inhlalakahle yabasebenzi abasiza umphakathi ngasese (86%) kanye nasemsebenzini (80%), kuyilapho luzuzisa labo ababanakekelayo (71%).

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Amafomethi Wokusebenzela

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1) Njengokuhlangenwe nakho kwamasonto onke oku-inthanethi okusebenzisanayo okunikezwa ku-inthanethi, okusekelwa ukufinyelela kumamuvi, izincwadi, umculo obukhoma, ukuxoxa izindaba, izikhathi zokuzindla eziqondiswe wena, izingxoxo zamaqembu amancane, amaseshini amaningi, ukubuyekezwa kweziqeshana zefilimu zezenzakalo ezenzeka ngempela, izivivinyo ezingokoqobo, indima. ukudlala, imibukiso eyenziwayo, imidlalo, umculo, umdanso, ukuxoxa izindaba, amahlaya, nokushintshisana ngamasiko okungakahleleki - njengezilungiselelo zokusebenza zalezi zingxenye ezintathu(isixhumanisi esingenhla),
 

2) Njengeholide yezinsuku ezi-5-7, lapho ababambiqhaza behlanganyela khona 24/7 futhi bajulise umuzwa wokuzindla, Kuyo yonke ikhefu, ababambiqhaza bayafaka isandla, bafunde komunye nomunye futhi bahole ezinye zezikhathi. Ababambiqhaza basebenza ndawonye endaweni ephephile evikelwe futhi eklanywe ngokucophelela lapho bengathuthukisa khona amakhono abo okubonisa futhi babangele uguquko lwangaphakathi, balawule imithelela abahlangabezana nayo endleleni. Kuyinto engakahleleki, ngokuzithandela, futhi ukuzihlolela, okusekelwe ekufundeni ngamaqembu. Amathuluzi ahlinzeke ngosizo lokubhekana nezindaba ezibalulekile eziyimfihlo noma ezibucayi, ngaphandle kokuthi babelane ngemicabango yabo eyimfihlo nabanye.
 

Iningi labahlanganyeli bathola ukuthi izifundo eziku-inthanethi zibenza bakwazi ukwakha ukuqina okwanele ukuze baqhubeke ngaphandle kosizo olwengeziwe. Cishe u-45% uqoka ukuzibandakanya ubuso nobuso nokuhlehla nokuthuthukisa amakhono engeziwe ukuze aphumelele kakhudlwana, ngaphakathi, nasekulungiseleleni amaphrojekthi okwenza umehluko emiphakathini yawo.

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Umlando

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Isevisi ye-THCRD yathuthukiswa eYurophu (e-UK, eNetherlands, eDenmark naseJalimane). Ngo-2009 i-UN WOMEN yagunyaza i-THCRD ukuthi isize imiphakathi ekhubazwe kakhulu wudlame lwaseKenya lwango-2008 lwangemva kokhetho. Abesifazane abasebasha abangama-28 baqeqeshwa, balulekwa, njengoba bethula imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi ye-THCRD. I-SIDA (2012) ngemuva kwalokho ichaze umthelela wabo 'njengesibonelo esiphumelelayo se-UN SCR 1325 (ukubuyisana okuphansi)'. Lelo qembu manje laziwa kakhulu ngomthelela walo oqhubekayo wokubumbana nokuqina komphakathi.

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Isuka lapho, i-USAID yagunyaza imihlangano yokucobelelana ngolwazi ye-THCRD ngo-2015 nango-2016 eqondise inhlanganisela yentsha eshisekayo, intsha esengozini kanye nabasinde odlameni olunzima olusekelwe kubulili, abavela ezindaweni zokuhlala ezincishwe kakhulu eKenya. Ukubuyekezwa kwe-USAID okwalandela (ngo-2017, 2019) kubike ukushintsha kwepharadigm, ukuthi iningi 'lalishintshe ngokuphawulekayo…abanye sebeze baba izibonelo zomphakathi'. Ngo-2017, i-DFID yagunyaza i-THCRD yamasosha, amaphoyisa kanye nabadala bakamasipala, ngemiphumela efanayo.

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Ukufinyelela kwe-THCRD kunwetshiwe. E-USA isize iWashington State - ngabesifazane abangenamakhaya; I-Arizona enababaleki base-Afrika abangenayo; New York – enentsha entulayo. EYurophu isize ababaleki eDenmark; umphakathi wabahambi e-Ireland; bahlukunyezwe abesifazane kanye nababaleki baseFrance base-Afrika eNetherlands. Nge-Erasmus+ mobility (2018) isize izisebenzi zentsha (ezivela e-Italy, Holland, Ireland nase-UK) - zisebenza nentsha eyayincishwe amathuba, abafuduki, abantu abangenamakhaya, izisulu zomshado ophoqelelwe kanye nodlame olusekelwe ebulilini - ukukhombisa nokuvuselela - okunomthelela ezimpilweni zabo. ngasese (86%) futhi ngokomsebenzi (80%). Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kuqhubeke, ama-71% abike ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekuphatheni kwabo intsha ephethe: iqembu lesithathu elikhulu lentsha yabasebenzi ababike ukuthi bayahlomula enkonzweni ye-THCRD kakhulu njengalabo abathola usizo lwabo.

Ngo-2021 i-THCRD yasekelwa iminyaka engu-14 yobufakazi obuqinisekisiwe obuzimele kanye nedatha yesikhathi eside enocwaningo lwezempilo yengqondo olwamukelwa umhlaba wonke olusebenza ngempumelelo kanye nomphumela (i-DASS kanye ne-Heartlands), olwazisa ukucolisiswa okuqhubekayo.

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